Economics of Global Carbon Markets

Distinguish between Emissions Trading Systems and carbon taxes as carbon pricing instruments

Analyse EU ETS Phase IV architecture, the Market Stability Reserve, and Fit for 55 reforms

Evaluate voluntary carbon market structure, integrity criteria, and the 2023 credibility crisis

Apply MRV standards and verification methodologies to REDD+ and other carbon project types

Assess green bond markets, sustainability-linked bonds, and blended finance for climate investment

Explain Article 6.2 bilateral cooperative approaches, ITMOs, and the corresponding adjustment mechanism